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Wetenschappelijke info over elektrogevoeligheid en kritiek op het bestaande onderzoek
- Overzichtsartikel 'Elektromagnetische velden en elektrohypersensitiviteit'
Verschenen in NVS Nieuws, blad van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Stralingshygiene, 2006 (3), 27-31
- Electromagnetic Field Sensitivity: Case study evaluation
William Rea et al.
Studie gepubliceerd in 1991 in Journal of Bioelectricity, 10(1&2), 241-256
"We conclude that this study gives strong evidence that electromagnetic field sensitivity exists, and can be elicited under environmentally controlled conditions."
- 'Electrohypersensitivity: State-of-the-Art of a Functional Impairment'
Prof. Dr. Olle Johansson, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Studie gepubliceerd in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25: 245–258, 2006
Abstract: Recently, a new category of persons, claiming to suffer from exposure to electromagnetic fields, has been described in the literature. In Sweden, electrohypersensitivity (EHS) is an officially fully recognized functional impairment (i.e., it is not regarded as a disease). Survey studies show that somewhere between 230,000–290,000 Swedish men and women report a variety of symptoms when being in contact with electromagnetic field (EMF) sources. The aim of our studies has been to investigate possible alterations, in the cellular and neuronal systems of these persons’ skin. As controls, age- and sex-matched persons, without any subjective or clinical symptoms or dermatological history, served. Immunohistochemistry using antisera to the previously characterized marker substances of interest has been utilized. In summary, it is evident from our preliminary data that various alterations are present in the electrohypersensitive persons’ skin. In view of recent epidemiological studies, pointing to a correlation between long-term exposure from power-frequent magnetic fields or microwaves and cancer, our data ought to be taken seriously and further analyzed.
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Cognitive and neurobiological alterations in electromagnetic hypersensitive patients: results of a case-control study (maart 2008)
Gepubliceerd in Psychological Medicine 2008 Mar 26; 1-11 (PubMed)
Background. Hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is frequently claimed to be linked to a variety of non-specific somatic and neuropsychological complaints. Whereas provocation studies often failed to demonstrate a causal relationship between EMF exposure and symptom formation, recent studies point to a complex interplay of neurophysiological and cognitive alterations contributing to symptom manifestation in electromagnetic hypersensitive patients (EHS). However, these studies have examined only small sample sizes or have focused on selected aspects. Therefore this study examined in the largest sample of EHS EMF-specific cognitive correlates, discrimination ability and neurobiological parameters in order to get further insight into the pathophysiology of electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
Method. In a case-control design 89 EHS and 107 age- and gender-matched controls were included in the study. Health status and EMF-specific cognitions were evaluated using standardized questionnaires. Perception thresholds following single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were determined using a standardized blinded measurement protocol. Cortical excitability parameters were measured by TMS.
Results. Discrimination ability was significantly reduced in EHS (only 40% of the EHS but 60% of the controls felt no sensation under sham stimulation during the complete series), whereas the perception thresholds for real magnetic pulses were comparable in both groups (median 21% versus 24% of maximum pulse intensity). Intra-cortical facilitation was decreased in younger and increased in older EHS. In addition, typical EMF-related cognitions (aspects of rumination, symptom intolerance, vulnerability and stabilizing self-esteem) specifically differentiated EHS from their controls.
Conclusions. These results demonstrate significant cognitive and neurobiological alterations pointing to a higher genuine individual vulnerability of electromagnetic hypersensitive patients.
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Altered cortical excitability in subjectively electrosensitive patients: results of a pilot study
Landgrebe M, Hauser S, Langguth B, Frick U, Hajak G, Eichhammer P. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
Gepubliceerd in Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2007 Mar;62(3):283-8
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The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities (mei 2007)
Margaret E. Sears (M. Eng, Ph.D.), Canadian Human Rights Commission
Abstract: Approximately 3% of Canadians have been diagnosed with environmental sensitivities, and many more are somewhat sensitive to traces of chemicals and/or electromagnetic phenomena in the environment. People experience neurological and numerous other symptoms, and avoidance of triggers is an essential step to regaining health. The Canadian Human Rights Commission commissioned this report to summarize scientific information about environmental sensitivities. For those interested in the original scientific and technical literature, an annotated bibliography is available on request from environmentalhealthmed [at] gmail.com This report addresses issues such as the definition and prevalence of environmental sensitivities; recognition by medical authorities; education and training within the medical community; origins, triggers and symptoms of sensitivities; impact of environmental sensitivities in the workplace; government policies and standards for building codes, air quality and ventilation as they affect individuals with environmental sensitivities; and guidelines for accommodation within the workplace. For people with environmental sensitivities, their health and ability to work rests with the actions of others, including building managers, co-workers and clients. Accommodating people with environmental sensitivities presents an opportunity to improve workplace environmental quality and workers’ performance, and may help prevent the onset of sensitivities in others.
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Consultations in primary care for symptoms attributed to electromagnetic fields – a survey among general practitioners
Anke Huss and Martin Röösli, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, Switzerland
Gepubliceerd in BMC Public Health 2006, 6:267
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Increased concentrations of certain persistent organic pollutants in subjects with self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity--a pilot study
Lennart Hardell; Michael Carlberg; Fredrik S derqvist; Karin Hardell; Helen Bj rnfoth; Bert van Bavel; Gunilla Lindstr m
Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 2 June 2008 , pages 197 - 203
Abstract: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is used for a variety of subjective symptoms related to exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the concentrations of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in subjects with self-reported EHS. In total, 13 EHS subjects and 21 controls were included, all female. The concentration of several POPs was higher in EHS subjects than in controls. Lower concentrations were found for hexachlorobenzene and two types of chlordanes. The only significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) were found for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) #47 yielding OR=11.7, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.45-94.7 and the chlordane metabolite MC6 with OR=11.2, 95% CI=1.18-106. The results were based on low numbers and must be interpreted with caution. This hypothesis generating study indicates the necessity of a larger investigation on this issue.
- Rapport van de Nederlandse Stichting Elektrohypersensitiviteit: EHS in the Netherlands (december 2007)
The results of a questionnaire that was completed by 250 electrohypersensitive (EHS) persons in the Netherlands over a 3-year period, who contacted the EHS Foundation on their own initiative. Self declared health problems were recorded along with the sources of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) - if known - that caused the health effects
Abstract
- Mogelijke biologische verklaringen (webpagina Stichting EHS)
- In oktober 2004 hield de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie een workshop over elektrogevoeligheid. Over de belangenvermenging, het lobbywerk en de onwetenschappelijke manier van werken bij de WGO kunt u meer lezen hier. Na de workshop is een samenvattend document geschreven. Prof. Dr. Johansson, die deelnam aan de workshop, heeft toen een 'formal reservation' opgesteld, omdat hij - terecht - niet met de inhoud van het document akkoord ging. De WGO heeft toen echter geweigerd om deze 'formal reservation' toe te voegen aan het document. U kunt Johansson's tekst terug vinden hier.
To my understanding, the present WHO text violates at several points the Swedish and international regulations, human rights acts and handicap laws for persons with impairments.
In Sweden, electrohypersensitivity (EHS) is an officially fully recognized physical impairment (i.e., it is not regarded as a disease). Survey studies show that somewhere between 230,000 - 290,000 Swedish men and women report a variety of symtoms when being in contact with electromagnetic field (EMF)-sources. The EHS persons have their own handicap organisation; The Swedish Association for the ElectroSensitive; http://www.feb.se (the website has an English version). This organisation is included in the Swedish Disability Federation. (...)
In de tekst komen ook de maatregelen aan bod die in Zweden genomen zijn om elektrogevoeligen de kans te geven op een menswaardig leven:
In the Stockholm municipality - were I live and work as a scientist with the responsibility to investigate comprehensive issues for persons with EHS - such persons have the possibility to get their home sanitized for EMFs. It means for example that ordinary electricity cables are changed to special cables. Furthermore, the electric stove can be changed to a gas stove and walls, roof and floors can be covered with special wallpaper or paint with a special shelter to stop EMFs from the outside (from neighbours and mobile telephony base stations). Even the windows can be covered with a thin aluminum foil as an efficient measure to restrain EMFs to get into the room/home. If these alterations turn out not to be optimal they have the possibility to rent small cottages in the countryside that the Stockholm municipality owns. These areas have lower levels of irradiation than others. The Stockholm municipality also intend to build a village with houses that are specially designed for persons who are electrohypersensitive. This village will be located in a low-lewel irradiation area.
Persons with EHS also have a general (legal) right to be supported by their employer so that they can work despite of this impairment. For instance, they can get special equipment such as computers that are of low-emission type, that high-frequency fluorescent lamps are changed to ordinary light bulbs, no wireless DECT telephones in their rooms, and so on.
Some hospitals in Sweden (e.g. in Umeå, Skellefteå and Karlskoga) also have built special rooms with very low EMFs so that persons who are hypersensitive can get medical care. Another example is the possibility for persons who are electrohypersensitive to get a specially designed car so that the person can transport himself/herself between his/her home and their workplace.
Recently, some politicians in the Stockholm municipality even proposed to the politicians responsible for the subway in the Stockholm City that a part of every trainset should be free from mobile phones; that the commuters have to switch of the phones in these selected parts to enable persons with EHS to travel with the subway.
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Letter to the Editor: Will We All Become Electrosensitive?
Ö. Hallberg, Hallberg Independent Research, Trångsund, Sweden G. Oberfeld, Public Health Department Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Gepubliceerd in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25: 189–191, 2006
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Sensitivity to Non-Ionising Radiation in Ireland (januari 2005)
Irish Doctors Environmental Association (IDEA)
Abstract: Over the last more than 20 years, accounts of individual’s apparent sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been published in several countries. Studies in these different jurisdictions have estimated the prevalence of this condition to be between 1 and 5% in the general population. Recent research in Sweden has found that the number of people reporting symptoms that they associated with this sensitivity has been rising rapidly. In Ireland, the number of people who describe themselves as sensitive to radiation from mobile telephone base stations, mobile telephones and other electromagnetic appliances has also been increasing. These individuals report experiencing a range of symptoms when they are exposed to such radiation. These symptoms can vary from mild to severe and some can be extremely debilitating. A possible explanation is that people who are affected in this way have a physiological sensitivity to environmental stressors such as EMR.
The Irish Doctors’ Environmental Association (IDEA) is a group of doctors and other health professionals who wish to highlight possible links between changes in the environment and health. To this end, IDEA undertook a descriptive study of 16 people in Ireland who appeared to be sensitive to exposure to EMR. The study involved applying a structured questionnaire to a self-selected group of individuals who experienced symptoms that they related to exposure to electromagnetic radiation. The participants were then examined by a doctor and a range of laboratory investigations was conducted on them.
While the findings on physical examination and from the laboratory tests did not establish any common abnormalities among the participants, the results of the questionnaire did demonstrate the debilitating nature of this syndrome. The main outcome of the study was to emphasise the importance of looking further at the nature and aetiology of the sensitivity that was described.
Zie ook IDEA Position on Electro-Magnetic Radiation
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Mystery in the skin: Screen dermatitis, the effect of electromagnetic radiation on human skin
An interview with associate professor Olle Johansson at the Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hoe een Duitse arts te werk gaat bij het testen voor/diagnosticeren van elektrogevoeligheid: klik. Zie ook www.umweltphysik.com
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Electrosensitivity: FAQs (Dr. David Dowson M.D.)
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Een aantal interessante referenties in de bibliografie op de website van CIRCUIT, Electrical Sensitivity Support Group. Zie ook p. 11-12 in het volgende document.
Bibliografie van studies uitgevoerd door Prof. Dr. Olle Johansson en collega's
Kritiek op het bestaande onderzoek
- De kritiek wordt zeer goed verwoord in de volgende (Nederlandstalige) commentaar: 'Nieuw provocatieonderzoek wederom weggegooid geld'. Zie ook een eerdere commentaar.
"Wetenschappers blijven het proberen: korte termijn provocatieonderzoek. Dat de uitslag bij voorbaat vaststaat, wordt blijkbaar keer op keer genegeerd. In korte termijn provocatieonderzoek wordt een groep mensen, meestal een groep “zelf-verklaarde electrogevoeligen” en een groep “normale” mensen, voor een zeer korte tijdsduur blootgesteld aan de straling van mobiele telefoons of basisstations (de antennes in zendmasten). De proefpersonen worden geacht binnen enkele minuten haarfijn te vertellen wat voor klachten ze krijgen en ook of de zender al dan niet aan staat. Zulk onderzoek zal nooit nuttige resultaten opleveren, net zoals er nooit uitsluitsel gekomen zou zijn over de schadelijkheid van asbest als men alleen dit soort korte termijn provocatieonderzoek gedaan zou hebben.
Stelt u het zich eens voor: u denkt last te ondervinden van electromagnetische straling, maar nagenoeg niemand in uw omgeving gelooft u. Uw arts verklaart u voor gek. U wilt al te graag aantonen dat uw klachten niet tussen de oren zitten, dus u besluit mee te doen aan een onderzoek, in de veronderstelling dat de geleerde wetenschappers een goede opzet bedacht hebben.
Met zweet in uw handen stapt u in de trein op weg naar het laboratorium waar het onderzoek uitgevoerd zal worden. U merkt dat u flink gespannen bent. Er hangt best veel van af: als u nu aan kunt tonen dat u echt last heeft van die straling, dan zullen anderen u eindelijk serieus nemen. Onderweg gaan er mobiel bellende mensen naast u zitten en er ontwikkelt zich een lichte hoofdpijn. U vraagt zich af of u nu last heeft van die mobiele telefoon of dat u gewoon gespannen bent voor het onderzoek.
Het onderzoek begint. U zit in een plastic stoeltje in een witte ruimte, waar u zich op zijn zachtst gezegd niet echt thuisvoelt. Een aantal antennes levert een extra bijdrage aan de gespannen sfeer. U wordt 5 minuten al dan niet bestraald en moet vervolgens aangeven of u dacht dat de zender aan of uit stond. Terwijl het onderzoek begint, heeft u echter nog steeds hoofdpijn van de treinreis en u hebt geen idee of het basisstation nu wel of niet straalt. Ineens verhevigt de hoofdpijn na 4 minuten in de onderzoeksruimte te zijn verbleven. Een minuut later is de eerste sessie afgerond. U krijgt twee minuten om bij te komen en dan start de volgende sessie van 5 minuten. U heeft inmiddels geen enkel idee meer wat u voelt en waardoor het komt, dus u gokt maar wat. Tijdens een van de sessies voelt u zich ineens toch wat ongemakkelijk en dat noteert u dan ook.
Een paar maanden later leest u in de krant de onderzoeksresultaten: “Bewijs: stralingsgevoeligheid zit tussen de oren” staat er in alle kranten. U pakt de wetenschappelijke publicatie erbij. In de kleine lettertjes onderaan leest u dat de “gevoelige” mensen zich wel significant vaker ongemakkelijk gingen voelen toen de UMTS-zender actief was, maar de wetenschappers hebben daar een mooie verklaring voor: het zou het gevolg zijn van de volgorde van de metingen."
"Het is zeer spijtig dat mensen zich nog steeds hoopvol opgeven voor dit soort onderzoek. Men denkt even te kunnen “bewijzen” dat men daadwerkelijk last heeft van straling, terwijl men vergeet dat er ook nog zo iets bestaat als o.a. voorbelasting (de mobieltjes en WiFi in de trein), het naijleffect (biologische effecten zijn niet na 5 minuten uitgewerkt), de inwerktijd (het duurt even voordat de biologische effecten een drempelwaarde overschrijden en “voelbaar” worden) en het belangrijkste nog: hun eigen emotionele/psychische conditie. Zo’n laboratoriumopstelling lijkt in de verste verte niet op de vertrouwde woonkamer van de proefpersoon waar hij/zij rustig een boekje leest en waar hij/zij het feilloos ''voelt'' wanneer iemand zijn mobieltje vergeten is uit te doen. De steriele witte laboratoriumruimte roept eerder associaties op met een tandartskamer. De faalangst om de straling niet goed te kunnen voelen, heeft tevens een gigantische invloed.
De mens heeft geen zintuig om straling te “voelen” Veel mensen zeggen dat ze straling kunnen “voelen” of dat ze “stralingsgevoelig” zijn. Dat is een illusie: een stralingszintuig bezit de mens niet. Wat die mensen voelen, zijn de gevolgen van de (inmiddels bewezen) biologische effecten die electromagnetische straling op mens (en dier en plant) heeft. De meeste mensen voelen er nagenoeg niets van, maar een kleine groep mensen beschikt in zijn/haar lichaam over exact de “juiste” condities waardoor de biologische effecten een kettingreactie uitlokken en zich uiteindelijk uiten in iets “voelbaars”. Straling kan invloed hebben op o.a. de klieren en hormonen, op het zenuwstelsel en op de hersenen. En die effecten, eenmaal “getriggerd” (wat ook even tijd nodig heeft), kunnen uren of zelfs dagen/weken voortduren. Om dan als wetenschappers voor te stellen om mensen in sessies van 5 minuten met ''maar liefst'' 2 minuten pauze bloot te stellen aan straling en dan van die mensen te verwachten dat ze precies aangeven wanneer ze bestraald worden en wanneer niet, is ongeveer gelijk aan het geloven dat Sinterklaas de 5e december werkelijk op miljoenen daken tegelijk zijn cadeautjes in de schoorsteen gooit. N.B. sessies van 50 minuten zijn in de praktijk niets beter dan de sessies van 5 minuten.
Rest de vraag: zijn die wetenschappers nou zo goedgelovig en doen ze veel te weinig vooronderzoek voor ze met zo’n onderzoeksopzet komen of spelen er misschien bepaalde belangen waardoor dit soort (tamelijk onzinnig) onderzoek voorrang krijgt? Voor bepaalde partijen is dit onderzoek verre van ''weggegooid geld''. De gechargeerde krantenkoppen: “Stralingsgevoeligheid zit tussen de oren” hebben ondertussen een niet te negeren uitwerking."
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Problems with Laboratory EMF Experiments
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Rapport EHS in the Netherlands pagina 8 en 9
- Het meest recente onderzoek van het type dat op de vorige pagina beschreven werd (psychologisch, korte termijn-provocatie) heeft heel wat kritiek gekregen. Het gaat om een studie die in november 2007 in het vakblad Environmental Health Perspectives gepubliceerd werd (de 'Essex-studie'). Het onderzoek gebeurde in het kader van het Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research Programme (MTHR), gefinancierd door de overheid en de industrie. De krantenkoppen naar aanleiding van deze studie luidden: 'phone mast allergy in the mind'...
- Het vakblad ontving tal van brieven waarin kritiek werd geuit op de studie. Deze werden ook gepubliceerd (vol. 116, nr. 2, februari 2008) en zijn terug te vinden hier.
- Lees de analyse van Powerwatch hier
- Analyse van de h.e.s.e-groep
- Persbericht van Mast Sanity
- Een hele reeks commentaren is te lezen op de volgende webpagina van Omega News
Waaronder de volgende cynische reactie:
As the leader of the Essex University Psychological Study of ES, Prof. Elaine Fox, found - the "power of the mind" is truly remarkable.
I was investigated for symptoms associated with masts at a private hospital, long before I knew about electrosensitivity, Tetra etc. My mind must be the most remarkable ever, to have been able to give myself nose bleeds, skin rash, flu like symptoms, sleep disruption, tinnitus like symptoms all before I was aware of any contribution from mobile masts and dect phones.
I must then have gone on to cause my neighbours to have the same symptoms, before they also knew of problems with low intensity chronic mast exposure. There were many thyroid disorders, several mnd cases and some even died before we found out the common thread - an over energetic Dolphin network tetra base site, located at Drumcarrow Hill, between Cupar and St. Andrews, Fife. Ray Weldon of Airwave said that people were just "jumping on the bandwagon" when they reported the very same symptoms as I had reported to him and the NRPB in 2003. So people all over the country reporting the same classic symptoms long before they knew about masts, or perhaps they were just copying or being infected by me.
The sparrows left my garden when I 'heard' the noise here and came back when they permanently closed down the Dolphin network mast and when I stopped 'hearing' the sound. (microwave hearing). So I must also have passed my anxiety on to the birds.
Wonder whether I can predict the lottery numbers with these remarkable powers? Perhaps Professor Fox can help me to do that. I 'll even share the winnings with her so she can go on to do more of her research! Perhaps she might try exposing sensitive people to nuts and if they cannot tell when the nuts are in or out of the room, she can prove that people who die from nut allergy could only have killed themselves through unnecessary worry.
Start with the conclusion that the problem is psychological - then work backwards.
- Commentaar van Next Up
- Essex study: statistical analysis
Heel belangrijk is dat een 14 elektrogevoelige mensen hun deelname aan de studie hebben moeten stopzetten, omwille van ernstige gezondheidsklachten. Dit heeft significante implicaties voor de resultaten en de geloofwaardigheid van het onderzoek, aangezien de meest (of werkelijk) elektrogevoelige mensen zijn afgevallen.
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Getuigenis van Brian Stein "Last year I signed up for the test at Essex University and attended the first of three sessions to prove this condition. I ignored my cynicism because the questionnaire seemed to be only concerned with my financial state and levels of stress. I ignored the fact that the people were psychologists, not scientists. I ignored the fact that they couldn’t tell me the level of strength of the mast. I ignored the fact that they had not consulted anyone with ES when devising the tests and I went ahead with the first one hour session. I have been made permanently worse; I had to pull out of the remaining tests. Although double blind I knew that the mast was on. How, I bled internally for two weeks. That is what happens to me when I get too close to a mast for too long. Bleeding internally, can this be psychosomatic I ask myself. Perhaps my gut has decided to join in on this misinformation. Maybe my gut is in league with my brain in deluding me."
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I detected the mast when it was ON correctly. I felt very sick, nauseous, heavy pressure in my head it was very painful, I felt my face burning, tingling over my arms and legs, an uncomfortable feeling all over my body, when the test was over I felt as if i was going to faint. I was going to be sick and the lady at Essex she said, no no here, this material is very expensive, I will get you a paper bin, she told me that the blue material that surrended the lab was there to absorb the sound that the mast produces and it was very expensive. As I walked out of the testing lab to meet my husband he was waiting for me in the car, he took me to Essex the first time, i could not stand the outside light, i had to shut my eyes, in the car i felt pain in my eyes as if the wind had blown sand on them, they hurt, my husbant told me that my eyes were very red and that my capilaries were swollen, I look at them in the mirror and my eyes were like i had conjunctivitis. (bron)
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Commentaar van Zweedse elektrogevoeligen op het wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Zie pagina 107-127
Terug naar de hoofdpagina over elektrogevoeligheid
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